Name
Abstract | ||
|---|---|---|
It is argued that “human-centredness” will be an important characteristic of systems that learn tasks from human users, as
the difficulties in inductive inference rule out learning without human assistance. The aim of “programming by example” is
to create systems that learn how to perform tasks from their human users by being shown examples of what is to be done. Just
as the user creates a learning environment for the system, so the system provides a teaching opportunity for the user, and
emphasis is placed as much on facilitating successful teaching as on incorporating techniques of machine learning. If systems
can “learn” repetitive tasks, their users will have the power to decide for themselves which parts of their jobs should be
automated, and teach the system how to do them — reducing their dependence on intermediaries such as system designers and
programmers.
This paper presents principles for programming by example derived from experience in creating four prototype learners: for
technical drawing, text editing, office tasks, and robot assembly. A teaching metaphor (a) enables the user to demonstrate
a task by performing it manually, (b) helps to explain the learner's limited capabilities in terms of a persona, and (c) allows
users to attribute intentionality. Tasks are represented procedurally, and augmented with constraints. Suitable mechanisms
for attention focusing are necessary in order to control inductive search. Hidden features of a task should be made explicit
so that the learner need not embark on the huge search entailed by hypothesizing missing steps. |
Year | DOI | Venue |
|---|---|---|
1992 | 10.1007/BF02472779 | AI Soc. |
Keywords | Field | DocType |
teaching metaphor,programming by example,machine learning,instructible systems,attention focusing,intentional stance,programming,system design,inductive inference,artificial intelligence | Intermediary,Inductive reasoning,Computer science,Intentional stance,Knowledge management,Human–computer interaction,Programming by example,Learning environment,Artificial intelligence,Metaphor | Journal |
Volume | Issue | ISSN |
6 | 2 | 1435-5655 |
Citations | PageRank | References |
2 | 1.60 | 0 |
Authors | ||
4 | ||
Name | Order | Citations | PageRank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ian H. Witten | 1 | 15346 | 1507.14 |
| Bruce A. MacDonald | 2 | 467 | 60.18 |
| David Maulsby | 3 | 80 | 20.32 |
| Rosanna Heise | 4 | 7 | 2.32 |