Paper Info
Title
The Power of Negations in Cryptography.
Abstract
The study of monotonicity and negation complexity for Boolean functions has been prevalent in complexity theory as well as in computational learning theory, but little attention has been given to it in the cryptographic context. Recently, Goldreich and Izsak (2012) have initiated a study of whether cryptographic primitives can be monotone, and showed that one-way functions can be monotone (assuming they exist), but a pseudorandom generator cannot. In this paper, we start by filling in the picture and proving that many other basic cryptographic primitives cannot be monotone. We then initiate a quantitative study of the power of negations, asking how many negations are required. We provide several lower bounds, some of them tight, for various cryptographic primitives and building blocks including one-way permutations, pseudorandom functions, small-bias generators, hard-core predicates, error-correcting codes, and randomness extractors. Among our results, we highlight the following. Unlike one-way functions, one-way permutations cannot be monotone. We prove that pseudorandom functions require log n-O(1) negations (which is optimal up to the additive term). We prove that error-correcting codes with optimal distance parameters require log n-O(1) negations (again, optimal up to the additive term). We prove a general result for monotone functions, showing a lower bound on the depth of any circuit with t negations on the bottom that computes a monotone function f in terms of the monotone circuit depth of f. This result addresses a question posed by Koroth and Sarma (2014) in the context of the circuit complexity of the Clique problem.
Year
DOI
Venue
2014
10.1007/978-3-662-46494-6_3
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
DocType
Volume
ISSN
Journal
9014
0302-9743
Citations 
PageRank 
References 
7
0.67
32
Authors
4
Name
Order
Citations
PageRank
Siyao Guo1164.26
Tal G. Malkin22633152.56
Igor Carboni Oliveira32611.11
Alon Rosen4136060.54