Title | ||
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A Modular, Direct Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor in 45/65-nm 3-D-Stacked CMOS Technology |
Abstract | ||
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This article introduces a modular, direct time-of-flight (TOF) depth sensor. Each module is digitally synthesized and features a 2
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(8
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8) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) pixel array, an edge-sensitive decision tree, a shared time-to-digital converter (TDC), 21-bit per-pixel memory, and
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data processing. Each module operates autonomously, by internal data acquisition, management, and storage, being periodically read out by an external access. The prototype was fabricated in a TSMC 3-D-stacked 45/65-nm CMOS technology, featuring backside illumination (BSI) SPAD detectors on the top tier, and readout circuit on the bottom tier. The sensor was characterized by single-point measurements, in two different modes of resolution and range. In low-resolution mode, a maximum of 300-m and 80-cm accuracy was recorded; on the other hand, in high-resolution mode, the maximum range and accuracy were 150 m and 7 cm, respectively. The module was also used in a flexible scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system, where a 256
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256 depth map, with millimeter precision, was obtained. A laser signature based on pulse-position modulation (PPM) is also proposed, achieving a maximum of 28-dB interference reduction. |
Year | DOI | Venue |
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2019 | 10.1109/JSSC.2019.2938412 | IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |
Keywords | Field | DocType |
Decision trees,Laser radar,Delays,CMOS technology,Distance measurement,Interference | Computer science,Data acquisition,Optics,CMOS,Electronic engineering,Ranging,Pixel,Back-illuminated sensor,Depth map,Avalanche diode,Detector | Journal |
Volume | Issue | ISSN |
54 | 11 | 0018-9200 |
Citations | PageRank | References |
3 | 0.42 | 0 |
Authors | ||
6 |
Name | Order | Citations | PageRank |
---|---|---|---|
Augusto Ronchini Ximenes | 1 | 7 | 1.63 |
Preethi Padmanabhan | 2 | 9 | 2.08 |
Myung-Jae Lee | 3 | 4 | 1.24 |
Yuichiro Yamashita | 4 | 3 | 0.76 |
Dun-Nian Yaung | 5 | 3 | 0.42 |
Edoardo Charbon | 6 | 385 | 74.69 |