Paper Info
Title
Distributed Optimal Vehicle-To-Grid Approaches With Consideration of Battery Degradation Cost Under Real-Time Pricing
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming increasingly popular due to their efficiency and potentials to reduce greenhouse gas emission. However, penetration of a very large number of EVs can have negative impacts on power systems. This study proposes optimal vehicle-to-grid (V2G) models to incorporate the EV penetration by minimizing multiple objectives including the peak demand, the variance of load profile, the battery degradation cost and the EV charging/discharging cost based on real-time pricing (RTP). The proposed models incorporate EV driving patterns including driving distance, driving periods, and charging/discharging levels and locations. A nonlinear battery degradation cost function is linearized and incorporated into the optimal models. In addition, a distributed control algorithm is developed to implement the optimal models. One-day simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce the peak demand and the variance of the load profile by 7.8% and 81.9%, which can significantly improve power system stability and energy efficiency. In addition, the sum of EV charging/discharging cost and battery degradation cost is decreased from $251 to -$153. In fact, 100 EVs earn $153 in the day from the V2G program. The approaches can be used by a load aggregator or a utility to effectively incorporate EV penetration to power systems to unlock V2G opportunities and mitigate negative impacts.
Year
DOI
Venue
2020
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2963692
IEEE ACCESS
Keywords
DocType
Volume
Electric vehicles,vehicle-to-grid,battery degradation,real-time pricing,convex optimization,demand response
Journal
8
ISSN
Citations 
PageRank 
2169-3536
0
0.34
References 
Authors
0
2
Name
Order
Citations
PageRank
Kenechukwu Ginigeme100.34
Zhanle Wang200.68