Title
LWRpro: An Energy-Efficient Configurable Crypto-Processor for Module-LWR
Abstract
Saber, the only module-learning with rounding-based algorithm in NIST's third round of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization process, is characterized by simplicity and flexibility. However, energy-efficient implementation of Saber is still under investigation since the commonly used number theoretic transform can not be utilized directly. In this manuscript, an energy-efficient configurable crypto-processor supporting multi-security-level key encapsulation mechanism of Saber, is proposed. First, an 8-level hierarchical Karatsuba framework is utilized to reduce degree-256 polynomial multiplication to the coefficient-wise multiplication. Second, a hardware-efficient Karatsuba scheduling strategy and an optimized pre-/post-processing structure is designed to reduce the area overheads of scheduling strategy. Third, a task-rescheduling-based pipeline strategy and truncated multipliers are proposed to enable fine-grained processing. Moreover, multiple parameter sets are supported in LWRpro to enable configurability among various security scenarios. Enabled by these optimizations, LWRpro requires 1066, 1456 and 1701 clock cycles for key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation of Saber768. The post-layout version of LWRpro is implemented with TSMC 40 nm CMOS process within 0.38 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The throughput for Saber768 is up to 275k encapsulation operations per second and the energy efficiency is 0.15 uJ/encapsulation while operating at 400 MHz, achieving nearly 50× improvement and 31× improvement, respectively compared with current PQC hardware solutions.
Year
DOI
Venue
2021
10.1109/TCSI.2020.3048395
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
Keywords
DocType
Volume
Module-LWR,Saber,crypto-processor,energy-efficient,Karatsuba,hierarchical calculation framework
Journal
68
Issue
ISSN
Citations 
3
1549-8328
4
PageRank 
References 
Authors
0.45
0
8
Name
Order
Citations
PageRank
Yihong Zhu140.45
Min Zhu2104.37
Bohan Yang373.22
Wenping Zhu4226.59
Chenchen Deng540.45
Chen Chen6111.91
Shaojun Wei7555102.32
leibo liu8816116.95