Name
Title | ||
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SPH crowds: Agent-based crowd simulation up to extreme densities using fluid dynamics |
Abstract | ||
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AbstractHighlights •Extreme-density crowds (4+ people per square meter) bear similarities to fluids.•We extend agent-based crowd simulation to extreme densities using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).•SPH forces augment the usual navigation behavior and contact forces for each agent.•Depending on density, agents blend between collision avoidance and fluid-like interactions.•SPH improves stability, density control, and replication of shockwaves, all in real-time. Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedAbstractIn highly dense crowds of humans, collisions between people occur often. It is common to simulate such a crowd as one fluid-like entity (macroscopic), and not as a set of individuals (microscopic, agent-based). Agent-based simulations are preferred for lower densities because they preserve the properties of individual people. However, their collision handling is too simplistic for extreme-density crowds. Therefore, neither paradigm is ideal for all possible densities.In this paper, we combine agent-based crowd simulation with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a particle-based method that is popular for fluid simulation. We integrate SPH into the crowd simulation loop by treating each agent as a fluid particle. The forces of SPH (for pressure and viscosity) then augment the usual navigation behavior and contact forces per agent. We extend the standard SPH model with a dynamic rest density per particle, which intuitively controls the crowd density that an agent is willing to accept. We also present a simple way to let agents blend between individual navigation and fluid-like interactions depending on the SPH density.Experiments show that SPH improves agent-based simulation in several ways: better stability at high densities, more intuitive control over the crowd density, and easier replication of wave-propagation effects. Also, density-based blending between collision avoidance and SPH improves the simulation of mixed-density scenarios. Our implementation can simulate tens of thousands of agents in real-time. As such, this work successfully prepares the agent-based paradigm for crowd simulation at all densities. |
Year | DOI | Venue |
|---|---|---|
2021 | 10.1016/j.cag.2021.06.005 | Periodicals |
Keywords | DocType | Volume |
Crowd simulation, Fluid dynamics | Journal | 98 |
Issue | ISSN | Citations |
C | 0097-8493 | 0 |
PageRank | References | Authors |
0.34 | 0 | 5 |
Name | Order | Citations | PageRank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wouter van Toll | 1 | 5 | 4.18 |
| Thomas Chatagnon | 2 | 0 | 0.34 |
| Cédric Braga | 3 | 0 | 0.34 |
| Barbara Solenthaler | 4 | 0 | 0.34 |
| Julien Pettré | 5 | 0 | 0.34 |