Paper Info
Title
Pervasive Machine Learning for Smart Radio Environments Enabled by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Abstract
The emerging technology of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is provisioned as an enabler of smart wireless environments, offering a highly scalable, low-cost, hardware-efficient, and almost energy-neutral solution for dynamic control of the propagation of electromagnetic signals over the wireless medium, ultimately providing increased environmental intelligence for diverse operation objectives. One of the major challenges with the envisioned dense deployment of RISs in such reconfigurable radio environments is the efficient configuration of multiple metasurfaces with limited, or even the absence of, computing hardware. In this article, we consider multiuser and multi-RIS-empowered wireless systems and present a thorough survey of the online machine learning approaches for the orchestration of their various tunable components. Focusing on the sum-rate maximization as a representative design objective, we present a comprehensive problem formulation based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). We detail the correspondences among the parameters of the wireless system and the DRL terminology, and devise generic algorithmic steps for the artificial neural network training and deployment while discussing their implementation details. Further practical considerations for multi-RIS-empowered wireless communications in the sixth-generation (6G) era are presented along with some key open research challenges. Different from the DRL-based status quo, we leverage the independence between the configuration of the system design parameters and the future states of the wireless environment, and present efficient multiarmed bandits approaches, whose resulting sum-rate performances are numerically shown to outperform random configurations, while being sufficiently close to the conventional deep <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> network (DQN) algorithm, but with lower implementation complexity.
Year
DOI
Venue
2022
10.1109/JPROC.2022.3174030
Proceedings of the IEEE
Keywords
DocType
Volume
Artificial neural networks (ANNs),deep reinforcement learning (DRL),future wireless networks,reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS),smart radio environment
Journal
110
Issue
ISSN
Citations 
9
0018-9219
1
PageRank 
References 
Authors
0.36
75
6
Name
Order
Citations
PageRank
George C. Alexandropoulos175945.84
Kyriakos Stylianopoulos210.36
Chongwen Huang375139.38
Chau Yuen44493263.28
Mehdi Bennis53652217.26
Mérouane Debbah68575477.64